肠炎沙门菌损伤家禽肠道的机制及营养干预研究进展OA

Salmonella Enteritidis(S.Enteritidis),a Gram-negative bacterium,spreads through several routes and infects both animals and humans,ranking it among the world's most dangerous zoonotic pathogens.Poultry are the main susceptible host.Infection in poultry can lead to intestinal damage,reduced productivity,and mortality,causing heavy economic losses,while contaminated poultry products carry the pathogen on to consumers and endanger public health.Once ingested,S.Enteritidis reaches the gut and to bind host cell receptors by fimbriae.Drawing on the type Ⅲsecretion system(T3SS)encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 1(SPI-1)and SPI-2 genes,it colonizes the mid-to-distal ileum,injects effector proteins into the epithelial cells,and enters the intracellular space,where it forms a Salmonella-containing vacuole(SCV)to sustain its survival and replication.In the process,the bacterium activates several pro-inflammatory pathways,including TLR4/NF-κB,MAPK,NAIP/NLRC4,and cGAS-STING.The resulting surge of cytokines such as interleukin-1β(IL-1β)sets off severe intestinal inflammation,and as it persists,reactive oxygen species(ROS)accumulate to excessive levels in the lumen.This ROS surplus both suppresses the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway and aberrantly activates JAK2/STAT3,sharply lowering antioxidant enzyme activity,especially superoxide dismutase(SOD).The gut's oxidative-antioxidant balance is thus disrupted,and a vicious"inflammation-oxidative stress"cycle takes hold that steadily worsens intestinal barrier damage.Long-term reliance on antibiotic for prevention and control can easily lead to emergence of resistant strains,threatening food safety and public health,green nutritional intervention has become a central focus of antibiotic-alternative research.This review summarizes the biology,colonization,invasion,and pathogenesis of S.Enteritidis,with emphasis on how it disrupts intestinal oxidative-antioxidant homeostasis.It then compiles recent advances in intervention strategies—Functional amino acids,plant extracts,organic acids,probiotics,and vaccines,which act on multiple targets to ease S.Enteritidis-induced damage by preserving intestinal morphology,boosting antioxidant capacity,dampening inflammatory pathways,and curbing colonization.The aim is to provide a theoretical basis and practical reference for the green prevention of poultry S.Enteritidis infection,antibiotic-free farming,and the development of novel nutritional modulators.