人工智能在神经系统疾病诊疗中的应用:过去、现在与未来——兼论人工智能在神经系统罕见病中的精准应用进展OA

The systematic application of artificial intelligence(AI)in the medical field is profoundly reshaping the paradigms for disease diagnosis,prognostic assessment,and treatment decision-making.Neurological diseases are charac-terized by high phenotypic heterogeneity,complex multimodal data structures,and uneven distribution of professional re-sources,thereby becoming one of the most strategically valuable and challenging fields for AI-enabled medical applica-tions.This article systematically reviews the evolution of AI in neuroscience and neurology,from early rule-based expert systems to modern deep learning frameworks.It also summarizes the clinical application of AI in major neurological dis-eases including stroke,Alzheimer disease,Parkinson disease,brain tumors,and multiple sclerosis and elaborates on the latest targeted advances of AI in rare neurological diseases such as rare epilepsy syndromes,rare neuromuscular disor-ders,leukoencephalopathy,Huntington disease,and mitochondrial encephalopathy.Finally,it looks ahead to the future development trends of explainable AI,federated learning,and digital biomarker systems.This article aims to provide a systematic reference framework for neurologists,researchers,and clinical policymakers regarding AI-powered precise di-agnosis and treatment of neurological diseases.