近代牛痘术的传播与推广OACHSSCD

In the 1820s,after the introduction of cowpox inoculation from Guangdong to Hu-nan,influenced by the Hu-Xiang spirit of practicality and innovation,and guided by official poli-cies,promoted by the gentry class,and participated in by folk forces,a vast inoculation network was formed during the Daoguang period,making Hunan an important supplier of cowpox vac-cine.Hunan's geographical advantage as a vital north-south transportation hub made it a key node for the spread of cowpox inoculation to the Yangtze River basin and the southwest regions.The active promotion by Hunan officials,the cross-provincial transmission and teaching of inocu-lators,and the innovation in cowpox technology,coupled with the extensive publication and dis-semination of Hunan-edition cowpox medical texts,transformed Hunan into a new"technical ra-diation source"for the spread of cowpox inoculation,playing a pivotal role as a relay hub in the dissemination of this technology in modern China.The spread of cowpox inoculation"from Chu to the whole world"not only reflects the cross-regional nature of technological diffusion but also reveals the significant driving role of local social forces in modern health and epidemic prevention activities.