汉坦病毒感染的全球流行态势与防控挑战OA

Hantaviruses are among the most widely distributed zoonotic pathogens worldwide,with approximately 10 000 to 100 000 cases reported annually,while the actual number of infections may far exceed this figure.The geographic distribution of rodent hosts determines viral species and epidemic regions.Old World(Eurasia)hantaviruses such as Hantaan virus,Seoul virus,Dobrava virus,and Puumala virus cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(case fatality rate:0.1%to 12.0%),whereas New World(Americas)viruses such as Sin Nombre virus and Andes virus cause hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome(case fatality rate:up to 40%).Currently,global infections are on the rise,and the ecological complexity of hantaviruses ensures that they will continue to pose a global public health threat.Four major challenges confront prevention and control efforts:insufficient capacity for differential diagnosis leading to missed or delayed clinical diagnosis,climate change accelerating host expansion and contact risk,lack of point‑of‑care diagnostic tools in resource‑limited settings,and persistent surveillance gaps in regions such as Africa.Single‑dimensional surveillance or therapeutic strategies are inadequate to address the multifaceted evolution of hantaviruses.Instead,it is essential to integrate ecological monitoring,laboratory capacity building,regional collaboration,and public health infrastructure to construct a sustainable prevention and control system.China has achieved remarkable progress with inactivated vaccines,whereas major endemic regions such as Europe and the United States still lack licensed vaccines;novel vaccines(DNA and virus‑like particle vaccines)are still under development.By systematically integrating the latest global epidemiological data and cutting‑edge research advances on pathogenic mechanisms and disease progression,this review provides a comprehensive framework of the critical nodes within the virus-host-environment interaction network,providing a reference for tailoring region‑specific prevention strategies across different endemic areas and facilitating the transition from reactive responses to proactive defense modules based on ecological forecasting and early warning systems.