黑龙江省肉牛遗传改良发展历程、现状及对策OA

Heilongjiang Province holds a strategically significant position in China's beef cattle industry,with a large number of small-scale cow-calf operations,and its beef production has consistently ranked among the top five nationwide.Its distinctive high-end beef cattle sector has established the province as a core pillar of the national beef supply system.This paper systematically reviews the 50-year evolution of beef cattle genetic improvement in Heilongjiang Province.The process began in the 1970s with government-led early-stage breed introduction and frozen semen promotion,transitioned through a dual-purpose(milk-and-meat)production model in the 1980s,and culminated in the preliminary formation of beef-type improvement populations by the late 1990s.Entering the 21st century,diminishing heterosis and constraints in feedlot technology ushered in a bottleneck period,prompting diversified breed introduction and a strategic shift toward high-end production.Consequently,improvement objectives transitioned from yield-and efficiency-driven to quality-driven goals,gradually establishing a multi-dimensional development framework centered on enhancing independent seedstock production capacity for Simmental cattle,complemented by the development of full-industry-chain systems for high-end beef breeds,namely Wagyu and Angus.In 2025,the provincial genetic improvement plan was formally promulgated,laying the policy groundwork for the coming decade.Nevertheless,relative to advanced domestic provinces and international frontier levels,genetic improvement in Heilongjiang still confronts salient deficiencies:poor alignment of breeding objectives with market demand and regional industrial positioning,weak policy and institutional support,insufficient technological reserves,lagging talent team development,and the absence of a collaborative mechanism for research translation and application.Looking ahead,it is imperative to clarify breeding objectives and improvement directions,establish a coordinated development system integrating dominant and characteristic breeds,strengthen policy safeguards and technological support to ensure effective implementation of the genetic improvement plan,and reinforce talent development to foster deep integration among industry,academia,and research.