资源民族主义浪潮下海外油气投资的国有化风险应对OACHSSCD

As resource nationalism intensifies globally,resource-rich countries increasingly adjust policies resulting in direct and indirect expropriation,exposing cross-border energy mineral resource direct investments to severe sovereign policy risks.Taking the nationalization dispute involving the expropriation of Ecuador's Block 15 as a typical case,this paper establishes a four-stage full-cycle risk framework covering risk pre-assessment,emergency response,dispute resolution,and localization management,analyzes the legal barriers to obtaining remedies arising from this binary ownership structure by focusing on the separation between legal title and economic interest in this case,and systematically develops a three-pronged risk response system featuring contractual risk insulation,diversified legal remedies,and deep alignment with local interests.The research finds that the conventional dispute resolution approach that relies solely on international arbitration has such inherent drawbacks as prolonged proceedings,uncertain arbitral outcomes,and difficulties in enforcement.Incorporating special indemnification and stabilization clauses into M&A agreements,together with multi-layered legal recourse and sustained localization management,enables investors to defuse sovereign risks and diminish host states'incentives to pursue expropriation.