国家目标如何塑造基础研究体系OACHSSCD

[Purpose/Significance]This paper examines how national goals shape basic research systems through a historical analysis of the evolution of the U.S.basic research system after World War II.It aims to ex-plain the driving mechanism through which changing national goals have continuously reshaped the strategic orientation,organizational structure,and functions of basic research.[Method/Process]Drawing on an analytical framework of Strategic Orientation and Legitimacy—Institutional Arrangements and Organizational Mecha-nisms—Capability Formation and Outcomes,the paper divides the postwar evolution of the U.S.basic research system into four stages:The Cold War security-oriented stage,the economic competitiveness-oriented stage,the innovation and societal challenges-oriented stage,and the strategic competition-oriented stage.It analyzes how changing national goals have been embedded into the basic research system through federal funding arrangements,multi-agency coordination,research universities,national laboratories,mission-oriented programs,and research security governance.[Result/Conclusion]The study finds that the evolution of the U.S.basic research system has been neither a natural process driven solely by scientific development nor a direct outcome of national goals.Rather,it has been continuously reshaped through institutional arrangements,organizational mechanisms,and the adjustment of tensions in response to changing national goals.National goals provide strategic direction,institu-tional arrangements and organizational mechanisms constitute the pathways through which these goals are embed-ded into the research system,and tension adjustment sustains the system's long-term evolution.The study suggests that a healthy basic research system requires maintaining a dynamic balance between national strategic needs and the intrinsic logic of basic research.