性腺类器官在家畜干细胞体外育种中的应用与展望OA

Conventional livestock breeding is constrained by long generation intervals and limited progeny quantity,resulting in delayed breeding progress that fails to satisfy expected breeding requirements.Therefore,novel breeding technical approaches are urgently required.As an emerging paradigm for animal breeding,the core of in vitro stem cell-based breeding technology lies in the targeted induction of pluripotent stem cells into functional gametes under in vitro conditions.Combined with high-throughput genomic selection,this technology will facilitate accelerated genetic improvement across generations,fundamentally breaking the dependence on the reproductive cycle of live animals in traditional breeding.Nevertheless,multiple bottlenecks remain in the research of livestock stem cells,including difficulties in establishing stable livestock stem cell lines,aberrant gametogenesis induced from stem cells,and the loss of germ cells during in vitro induction.These obstacles greatly restrict the practical application of stem cell-based breeding technologies in livestock industry.Currently,although functional gametes can be differentiated from pluripotent stem cells using mice as a research model,the induction procedure cannot be directly applied to livestock research due to species-specific differences.To address this bottlenecks,gonadal organoids,a three-dimensional culture system capable of mimicking the in vivo gonadal microenvironment and facilitating germ cell differentiation derived from embryonic stem cells,have been widely adopted in researches concerning in vitro gametogenesis in recent years.It serves as an ideal research platform to overcome the technical barriers restricting in vitro gametogenesis.This three-dimensional co-culture system can recapitulate the cell-cell interactions and cytokine gradients required for germ cell development,addressing the limitation that two-dimensional monolayer culture systems fail to reconstruct the full temporal sequence of gonadal development.Collectively,this paper here summarizes the application and progress of gonadal organoid models in stem cell breeding technologies,providing a theoretical basis for advancing stem cell-mediated breeding and the transformation of future livestock breeding systems.