低空无人机毫米波波束对准技术:挑战、方法与展望OA

The rapid development of the low-altitude economy is accelerating the practical deployment of millimeter-wave(mmWave)communications for unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs).However,the strong coupling among highly dynamic UAV flight,latency in onboard sensing,and complex low-altitude environments frequently causes beam misalignment,severely compromising link reliability.Conventional beam-scanning schemes incur high training overhead and are prone to link interruption in highly dynamic scenarios,while existing predictive algorithms and single-sensor-assisted approaches face practical limitations such as insufficient model generalization and the susceptibility of optical sensors to blockage and interference.To address these challenges,four major categories of beam alignment approaches are systematically reviewed,including conventional beam scanning,predictive intelligent algorithms,multisensor-assisted methods,and integrated sensing and communication(ISAC).Their operating principles,performance advantages,engineering limitations,and applicable scenarios are analyzed and compared.The analysis indicates that no single technique can simultaneously achieve high alignment accuracy and robust all-weather operation.Multimodal heterogeneous fusion and base-station-side ISAC are therefore expected to become key evolutionary directions for beam management over complex air-to-ground links.This study provides a systematic theoretical basis and technical guidance for the selection and practical deployment of mmWave beam management technologies in low-altitude scenarios.