碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料:界面科学、多功能协同与闭环重构OA

Significance Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites(CFRPs)are enabling materials for the production of lightweight high-end equip-ment;however,their further advancement is hindered by three interconnected bottlenecks:The"interface/strength paradox"between sur-face activation and fiber strength retention,the"structure-function"trade-off between mechanical load-bearing capacity and thermal/elec-tromagnetic functionalities,and the"lifecycle fragmentation"caused by the irreversible crosslinked networks of thermosetting resins.Al-though these challenges manifest differently,they converge at the fiber-matrix interphase,which is the critical site for stress transfer and damage initiation,a barrier region for phonon and electron transport across phases,and a decisive site for bond breaking during recycling.This review systematically deconstructs the physicochemical origins of these bottlenecks from the perspectives of precursor chemistry,in-terface science,and materials genomics. Process The intrinsic performance of carbon fibers is fundamentally constrained by precursor chemistry:Polyacrylonitrile(PAN)based fi-bers generally exhibit limited thermal conductivity(<20 W·m-1·K-1)because of the topological mismatch between one-dimensional poly-mer chains and two-dimensional graphite lattices.Mesophase pitch-based fibers can achieve thermal conductivities of up to 800 W·m-1·K-1 but typically exhibit tensile strengths of only 2‒4 GPa owing to the inherent trade-off between molecular orientation and interchain bond-ing.Biobased and polyethylene-derived precursors are,respectively,challenged by the heterogeneity of pyrolysis and the competition be-tween diffusion and reaction during sulfonation,resulting in mechanical properties inferior to those of PAN-based systems.Interfacial modi-fication cannot overcome these intrinsic limitations,which therefore define the feasible domain for subsequent tailoring strategies.At the in-terface science level,we examine the mechanical contributions of three bonding mechanisms,physical/mechanical interlocking,intermo-lecular interactions,and covalent bonding,and their evolution under different loading modes.A critical assessment of mainstream modifica-tion strategies,including sizing,plasma treatment,wet chemical oxidation,chemical grafting,and nanophase deposition,reveals a four-dimensional trade-off among enhancement magnitude,fiber damage,process complexity,and environmental compliance,with no univer-sally optimal solution.A promising pathway to overcome this trade-off lies in multiscale synergistic design,such as gradient modulus inter-phases that combine a high-modulus inner layer for efficient stress transfer with a low-modulus outer layer for stress buffering and crack suppression,thereby reconciling strength and toughness.In the context of structure-function integration,this review elucidates the transport of phonons,electrons,and electromagnetic waves across heterogeneous interfaces.Enhanced thermal conductivity requires nanocarbon"seeding"to promote graphitization and alleviate topological mismatch,whereas electromagnetic interference shielding and microwave ab-sorption require three design principles:continuous three-dimensional conductive networks,synergistic optimization of impedance match-ing and attenuation capability,and gradient or layered architectures that spatially decouple reflection and absorption.An inherent conflict exists between thermal functionality and mechanical performance:high thermal conductivity requires large,well-ordered graphite crystal-lites,whereas efficient microwave absorption generally requires a moderate density of defects to enhance polarization loss.This contradic-tion necessitates gradient or layered heterogeneous strategies rather than homogeneous designs.In engineering applications spanning aero-space,automotive,energy equipment,and civil infrastructure,CFRPs face specific challenges,including process-property correlations in automated fiber placement,interfacial failure in dissimilar material joints,conflicts between rapid molding and crystallization kinetics,and hydrogen-induced damage in high-pressure storage vessels.These practical demands are driving a paradigm shift from simple material sub-stitution toward integrated"structure-process-performance"co-design.To address sustainability,this review focuses on dynamic covalent chemistry as a molecular strategy for rendering thermosetting networks reversible.The trade-off between recycling convenience and service stability is compared for dissociative and associative dynamic bonds.Extending dynamic bond design from the bulk resin to the interphase,we propose the concept of a"dynamic interphase",in which reversible bonds dissipate strain energy during service through reversible bond breaking and reformation,undergo selective cleavage under external stimuli to enable mild fiber separation during recycling,and retain ac-tive sites to facilitate interphase"regeneration"during remanufacturing.Furthermore,we review the multilevel applications of machine learning in optimizing pyrolysis and solvolysis processes while identifying current bottlenecks,including limited data availability and poor model interpretability. Conclusions and Prospects This review establishes that the long-standing trade-offs between interfacial strength and fiber integrity,structural and functional performance,and service durability and end-of-life recyclability all originate from the same interphase region.Its multiscale engi-neering,particularly through gradient modulus and dynamic covalent designs,provides a unified strategy for addressing these seemingly irrecon-cilable demands.Looking forward,four strategic directions are outlined:1)the development of low-damage,precision interphase construction techniques,such as atomic layer deposition;2)the establishment of data-driven materials genome platforms for inverse design to shorten develop-ment cycles;3 the construction of digital twin systems integrating process,structure,performance,and lifetime for intelligent manufacturing;and 4)the implementation of full-lifecycle,green,closed-loop systems based on"material passports"and intelligent recycling strategies.Only through synergistic advances in interface science,materials innovation,and smart manufacturing can CFRPs be transformed into greener and smarter composites.