中国湿地保护政策的演进与修复技术的前沿进展OACHSSCD

[Objective]This study addresses the lack of an integrated understanding of how wetland governance,ecological restoration technologies,and landscape planning and design have co-evolved in China,and aims to clarify the historical trajectory of national wetland conservation policy since 1949,synthesize current and emerging approaches to wetland restoration,and identify pathways through which policy,technology,and landscape architecture can be coordinated to strengthen ecosystem functions,resilience,and public value under China's carbon-peaking and carbon-neutrality goals and biodiversity conservation commitments. [Methods]A literature review and policy-text analysis were conducted along the analytical sequence of"policy evolution−restoration technology−landscape coordination".Policy documents and legal instruments issued since the founding of th e People's Republic of China,together with relevant planning documents and research literature,were examined to identify shifts in governance objectives,regulatory mechanisms,restoration requirements,and implementation priorities.Policy evolution was divided into four periods according to dominant development concepts and governance modes:development-oriented utilization(1949−1991),transitional exploration(1992−2012),comprehensive conservation(2013−2021),and law-based high-quality development(since 2022).The technical review distinguished guiding concepts and principles,core restoration techniques,context-dependent techniques,supporting and management tools,and frontier research directions.It focused on hydrological regimes and connectivity,topography,soil and sediment substrates,native biological communities,habitat mosaics,invasive-species control,microbial processes,multi-element interactions,monitoring,modeling,and adaptive management.The landscape-architecture analysis examined how restoration objectives can be translated into watershed-and site-scale spatial structures,grading and microtopographic parameters,water-system and shoreline configurations,planting strategies,habitat design,visitor-use controls,construction phasing,and long-term stewardship. [Results]China's wetland policy has shifted from treating wetlands primarily as land reserves for agricultural production to recognizing them as complex social-ecological systems requiring comprehensive,law-based governance.During 1949−1991,food-security priorities and limited ecological understanding encouraged drainage,reclamation,and fragmented resource use.China's accession in 1992 to the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat,followed by reflection on the 1998 Yangtze floods,initiated a transition toward rescue-oriented conservation,nature-reserve establishment,and projects such as returning farmland to lakes.From 2013 to 2021,ecological-civilization policies,national restoration programs,protection rate targets,and accountability mechanisms advanced wetland management from isolated projects toward comprehensive institutional protection.The implementation of the Wetland Conservation Law of the People's Republic of China in 2022 marked a new stage characterized by conservation priority,strict regulation,systematic governance,science-based restoration,and rational use.Across these stages,policy and restoration practice developed through a feedback cycle of problem identification,target translation,regulated implementation,performance evaluation,and policy adjustment.Wetland restoration has correspondingly evolved from morphological reconstruction and structural repair toward the recovery of ecosystem functions and ecological processes.Nature-based Solutions and resilience function as guiding principles rather than individual engineering techniques.Core interventions include restoring hydroperiods,hydrological connectivity,and freshwater-saltwater exchange;reconstructing topographic gradients and microtopography;rehabilitating soil and sediment where degradation or contamination constrains recovery;rebuilding native communities and heterogeneous habitat mosaics;and controlling invasive species.Microbial-process regulation is a context-dependent approach for wetlands affected by eutrophication,organic contamination,or impaired biogeochemical cycles.Remote sensing,unmanned aerial vehicles,environmental sensors,ecological and hydrodynamic models,environmental DNA,digital platforms,and adaptive management provide diagnostic,decision-support,monitoring,and feedback functions rather than directly restoring ecosystems.The principal technological frontier lies in coupling hydrology,topography,substrates,and biota;coordinating flood regulation,water-quality improvement,biodiversity,carbon sequestration,and cultural services;controlling interventions through dynamic hydrological thresholds;and incorporating climate scenarios,ecological reference conditions,spatial redundancy,and recovery trajectories into design and evaluation.Landscape architecture provides an integrative spatial mechanism for translating ecological objectives into implementable plans.At the watershed-landscape scale,it can identify inflow pathways,external pressures,ecological source areas,corridors,and priority restoration areas.At the site scale,grading,microtopography,water networks,near-natural shorelines,planting substrates,native plant communities,and habitat mosaics can be configured according to target hydrological regimes and species requirements.Recreation,interpretation,and cultural expression should remain within ecological thresholds through spatial zoning,seasonal closures,low-disturbance access,and reversible facilities.Monitoring results should trigger iterative adjustments to water management,vegetation interventions,access boundaries,and facilities.Consequently,the relationship among policy,technology,and landscape should operate as a closed loop of policy guidance,technical support,spatial translation,social participation,and performance feedback,rather than as a linear sequence ending in landscape beautification. [Conclusion]China has established an increasingly systematic and law-based framework for wetland conservation,while restoration is moving toward process-based,multi-element,multifunctional,climate-adaptive,and digitally supported practice.Future priorities include refining technical standards and evaluation systems under the Wetland Conservation Law;quantifying relationships among hydrological thresholds,topographic elevation,soil and sediment conditions,and community responses;expanding restoration from isolated sites to watershed and landscape scales;strengthening long-term monitoring,wetland carbon assessment,and adaptive management;and improving community co-management,benefit sharing,and ecological-value realization.Closer collaboration among restoration ecology,environmental engineering,hydrology,information science,and landscape architecture is essential to transform restoration outcomes into ecologically healthy,resilient,spatially coherent,culturally meaningful,and publicly appreciable wetland landscapes.