纳米抗体分析识别试剂的构建策略及应用进展OA

Analytical detection technologies for complex samples require highly sensitive,stable,and adaptable recognition reagents.Although conventional antibodies were widely used in these technologies,their limited stability,structural complexity,poor engineering flexibility,and high production costs needed to be addressed.Nanobodies had emerged as novel and important recognition reagents in analytical detection owing to their small size,high stability,strong affinity,excellent specificity,and ease of engineering.With advances in genetic engineering and functional materials,nanobodies had gradually evolved from single recognition molecules into multifunctional recognition reagents.This review summarized the origin,preparation,and advantages of nanobodies as analytical recognition reagents.It focused on three types of nanobody-based systems,namely single-form,genetically fused,and functional-material-mediated nanobodies,and systematically discusses their construction strategies and analytical applications.Among these systems,single-form nanobodies mainly acted as unfused and unlabeled independent recognition molecules for target recognition,enabling competitive and sandwich immunoassays.Genetically fused nanobodies retained specific recognition capability while integrating functional modules,such as multimerization domains,site-directed immobilization tags,or signal proteins,with nanobodies through genetic engineering,thereby improving the recognition efficiency and enabling an integrated signal output.Functional-material-mediated nanobodies emploied functional materials to achieve target enrichment and separation,signal transduction and amplification,and multimodal readouts.Finally,future perspectives were discussed in terms of nanobody screening and optimization,fusion expression,and the construction of multifunctional composite platforms.