同质和杂化超微电极的制备、表征与应用OA

An ultramicroelectrode(UME)is defined as an electrode with at least one critical dimen-sion below 25 μm.Offering advantages such as a high mass transfer rate,high spatiotemporal resolu-tion,and negligible iR drop,it serves as a key device that bridges microscopic measurements and macroscopic signal output and has been widely applied in research fields including electrophysiology,electrochemistry,analytical chemistry and materials science.In recent years,the fabrication meth-ods of UMEs,predominantly focusing on twin and hybrid dual-channel UMEs,have been continu-ously improved and expanded.These advancements not only improve the controllability,reproduc-ibility,and stability of electrode fabrication,but also endow the electrodes with enhanced versatility to meet the demands of complex analytical scenarios,such as single-entity analysis,electrochemical imaging,and electrocatalysis research.This review summarizes innovations in fabrication methods,the expansion of scientific research and applications,and the advancement of theoretical frameworks related to UMEs in electroanalytical chemistry over the past two decades.In addition,it discusses the challenges facing UMEs and potential directions for future breakthroughs.