从精准分离到仿生治疗:中性粒细胞来源囊泡的生物医学研究进展OA

As core effector cells of innate immune system,neutrophils release extracellular vesicles(neutrophil-derived vesicles,NEVs)that hold great promise in intercellular communication,patho-logical mechanisms,and biomimetic drug delivery.However,the high heterogeneity of NEV popula-tions and their coexistence with neutrophil extracellular traps(NETs)pose significant challenges for precise isolation and functional characterization.This review systematically summarizes the latest ad-vances in high-precision separation and analysis technologies,ranging from classical differential cen-trifugation to emerging microfluidic chips,DNA nanostructures,and stimuli-responsive smart mate-rials.Furthermore,it elaborates on engineering strategies,such as direct loading and membrane biomimicry,that endow NEVs with multimodal functionalities including chemotherapy,immuno-modulation,and gene therapy.A comprehensive evaluation system for engineered NEVs is estab-lished,covering critical metrics like membrane marker retention and transmembrane migration capa-bility.Finally,the therapeutic applications of NEVs in tumors,inflammatory diseases,and tissue regeneration are summarized.The review also critically analyzes the current bottlenecks regarding standardized mass production,loading efficiency,and safety assessment,providing a forward-look-ing perspective on the transition from"passive isolation"to"active manufacturing"for next-genera-tion precision nanomedicine.