细胞外囊泡来源异质性在乳腺癌转移中的机制及临床转化潜力OA

The incidence of breast cancer(BC)continues to rise and has become a major public health challenge.Metastasis remains the principal cause of BC-related mortality.Currently,there remains a high probability of metastasis even after surgical tumor resection followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy.The insidious nature of early metastasis,inadequate intervention strategies,and rapid development of drug resistance are all critical factors contributing to poor prognosis.Extracellular vesicles(EVs)are membrane-enclosed,nanoscale particles released by cells.As mediators of intercellular communication,EVs transfer membrane components,cytosolic proteins,and nucleic acids to recipient cells,thereby modulating BC initiation,progression,and metastatic dissemination.The heterogeneity of EV origins determines their distinct roles in breast cancer metastasis.This review focuses on summarizing the value of EVs from different sources as liquid biopsy biomarkers for metastasis warning,as well as their potential clinical applications in targeting EV secretion or blocking their communication networks to overcome immunotherapy resistance,aiming to provide valuable diagnostic and therapeutic references for clinicians.