益生菌功能发挥的物质基础与研究新范式OA

Probiotics have garnered extensive attention for their roles in regulating host metabolism,immune homeostasis,and gut ecological balance;however,the material basis underlying these functions and the prevailing research paradigms continue to evolve.This review summarizes recent progress in probiotic research from two perspectives:material basis and research paradigms.With respect to material basis,it outlines how probiotic surface-associated components(including adhesins,pili,exopolysaccharides,and cell wall microbe-associated molecular patterns)interact with host receptor axes and elucidates their roles in colonization,immunomodulation,and signal transduction.It also summarizes the roles of probiotic-derived metabolites,including short-chain fatty acids,bile acids and their metabolites,vitamins,polyamines,and neuroactive compounds,in regulating host metabolism and signaling pathways.In addition,it discusses how cross-feeding,niche occupation,and colonization resistance contribute to maintaining gut homeostasis.Regarding research paradigms,it reviews and highlights how emerging multimodal methods such as single-cell technologies,multi-omics integration,organ-on-a-chip platforms,humanized animal models,and clinical studies advance functional dissection and causal verification.Finally,in the context of precision nutrition and individualized medicine,it outlines future application directions and research priorities for probiotics.