黑素瘤信号通路调控机制及生物治疗策略的研究进展OA

Melanoma is a malignant skin tumor characterized by high invasiveness and metasta-sis.Genomic mutations drive dysregulation of the immune microenvironment and the intracellular signaling network in melanoma.These pathways can be functionally classified into three catego-ries:key pathways governing tumor initiation and progression,such as MAPK and PI3 K/AKT,which drive cell proliferation and metabolic reprogramming via BRAF;phenotypic and invasive pathways,including TGF-β/Smad,W nt/β-catenin and Notch,which multidimensionally regulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition and malignant progression;microenvironmental and immune es-cape pathways,such as NF-κB,Hedgehog,PD-1/PD-L1 and cuproptosis,which reshape tumor phenotypes by coupling redox homeostasis with immune suppression.Here,we reviewed the signa-ling pathways associated with melanoma and summarized novel biotherapeutic strategies across four aspects:gene editing and transcriptional regulation,nucleic acid-targeted therapy,novel delivery carriers and biological agents,and natural active molecules and small-molecule targeted therapy,aiming to provide new insights for the precise intervention in melanoma.