Global epidemiology of ovarian cancer:patterns,trends,and risk factorsOA

Ovarian cancer was the eighth most frequently diagnosed cancer among women in 2022.The global age-standardized incidence rate of ovarian cancer decreased from 7.22/100,000 to 6.71/100,000 from 1990 to 2021.However,incidence trends varied across countries.Declining ovarian cancer incidence rates were reported in high-income countries,such as the United States,Austria,the Netherlands,and Norway,while there were increasing incidence rates in Africa and parts of Asia,including Japan and India.The global age-standardized mortality rate of ovarian cancer decreased from 4.73/100,000 to 4.06/100,000 between 1999 and 2021 with varying trends among countries.Moreover,the age-standardized 5-year net ovarian cancer survival rate in most countries remained<50%.Several specific factors related to ovarian cancer risk have been identified,including reproductive factors,use of oral contraceptives,anti-inflammatory diets,endometriosis,pelvic inflammatory disease,obesity,diabetes,and occupational asbestos exposure.No screening or prevention strategy has been proven effective in downstaging or reducing mortality from ovarian cancer in an average-risk population without a family cancer history or pathogenic variants.Indeed,risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy remains the gold standard for lowering the risk of ovarian cancer in high-risk individuals with hereditary mutations.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology,risk factors,screening,and prevention of ovarian cancer,aiming to offer a global perspective on public health strategies for addressing the disease.