Application of biophosphates in geo-environmental engineering:An overviewOA

Geo-environmental engineering is concerned with the contamination remediation,soil reinforcement,and ecological sustainability of problematic soil matrix,including landfilled soils,contaminated soils,sludges,and solid wastes.The emerging biomineralization technologies are gaining increasing attention as potential solutions to geo-environmental issues owing to their in-situ applicability,high efficiency,and environmental friendliness.Among them,the biologically induced phosphate precipitation(BIPP)method has an outstanding long-lasting amending effect and barely has secondary contamination from by-products.This study bridges the gap of a comprehensive overview of biophosphate application in the geo-environmental fields from the perspectives of heavy metal(HM)immobilization,soil reinforcement,and ecological reclamation.This multidisciplinary study can inspire the utilization of biophosphates as an integrated amendment for contaminated soil and waste piles,serving as a soil binder,fertilizer,and HM stabilizer all at once to promote reclamation,ecological sustainability,and carbon sinks.However,the research of biophosphates in geo-environmental technology is still in its infancy.Methods in balancing performances between the strength enhancement,HM stabilization,and vegetation of solid waste need in-depth innovation.Additionally,the long-term interaction mechanisms between these three functions remain unclear.Furthermore,lowering the cost of virgin materials and balancing the economic cost with the long-term environmental benefits of biophosphate technology are required for large-scale engineering practice.