Recent progress in bismuth-based materials for electrochemical CO_(2)reduction to formate/formic acidOA

The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))to formate/formic acid represents a significant pathway for sustainable fuel production,addressing both environmental sustainability and the growing demand for renewable energy sources.Recently,bismuth-based(Bi-based)catalysts have attracted significant attention for this field due to their high selectivity,cost-effectiveness,and environmental friendliness.However,a critical challenge remains:developing catalysts that can achieve industrial-scale current density,high Faradaic efficiency,and robust stability simultaneously.Various emerging strategies have been explored to overcome this challenge.This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in this area.We begin with a discussion of the reaction mechanisms an d theoretical optimization techniques for CO_(2)reduction using Bi-based electrocatalysts.We then highlight recent optimization strategies for designing high-performance Bi-based catalysts,including approaches such as morphology con trol,crystal plane effects,doping engineerin g,interface engineering,and single-atom alloy engineering.Finally,we discuss future research directions for designing Bi-based catalysts capable of operating under industrial conditions for the electroreduction of CO_(2)to formate/formic acid.