纳米肥料类型及其提高农林业应用效应的机理研究进展OA

Nano-fertilizers refer to a new type of fertilizer produced using nanotechnology,which has structural or functional unit sizes at the nanometer level(1-100 nanometers)or employs nano-carriers to deliver nutrients.Nano-fertilizer products are diverse,with nutrient elements distributed in various forms such as crystalline particles,pore structures,and interfacial assemblies.In China,nano-fertilizers primarily include nano-structured fertilizers,nano slow/controlled-release fertilizers,nano-carbon enhanced fertilizers,and nano-biofertilizers.Nano-structured fertilizers are novel fertilizers produced by processing nutrient elements(macro-elements such as nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium,or micro-elements such as boron,zinc,and selenium)into particles with sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nm through physical pulverization,chemical synthesis,or biological assembly technologies.Nano slow/controlled-release fertilizers are a new type of fertilizer created by mixing traditional fertilizers with nanometer-or submicron-scale materials(e.g.,nano-zeolite,nano-kaolin,and mesoporous nano-silica)as carriers,imparting slow-release properties to the traditional fertilizers.Nano-carbon enhanced fertilizers are functional fertilizers prepared by combining carbon nanomaterials such as carbon dots,graphene,and carbon nanotubes with essential plant nutrients,offering good biocompatibility and application potential.Nano-biofertilizers integrate live microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria or their extracts with nanoparticles,reducing and encapsulating metal ions under mild conditions to form nanoparticles.Compared to traditional fertilizers,nano-fertilizers possess distinct advantages in several aspects.Their small size,high specific surface area,and excellent slow-release properties enable them to enhance the efficiency of plant nutrient absorption and utilization,minimize soil nutrient loss,and mitigate environmental pollution.These benefits manifest in several ways:boosting photosynthesis by increasing chlorophyll content,optimizing photosystem functionality,and activating ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase(Rubisco)activity;precisely regulating nutrient metabolism through the activation of key enzyme systems and hormonal signaling networks,thereby significantly improving nitrogen and phosphorus utilization efficiency;enhancing stress resistance by modulating antioxidant enzyme systems,maintaining ion homeostasis,and activating osmoregulatory substances to effectively mitigate salinity,drought,and pest stresses;and improving soil properties by increasing microbial diversity,enhancing enzyme activity,and immobilizing heavy metals to enhance soil physicochemical characteristics.Despite their advantages,nano-fertilizers face certain limitations in practical application and require further research and optimization.Future research endeavors should focus on the following directions:firstly,addressing the urgent need to reduce the cost of nano-fertilizer production and facilitate its industrial application;secondly,integrating crop,soil,and climate data to build machine learning models that dynamically recommend optimal application rates,thereby achieving on-demand nutrient supply.Thirdly,establishing an environmental risk assessment and early-warning system,and training machine learning models based on nanoparticle physicochemical properties and monitoring data to predict ecological risks and enable automatic alerts.These studies will not only provide a new theoretical foundation for a deeper understanding of nano-fertilizer applications in agriculture and forestry but also offer crucial technical support for achieving sustainable development in these sectors.