时间利用特征类型对中国女性主观幸福感的影响OA

Subjective Well-Being(SWB)is an important indicator of quality of life,social stability,and high-quality economic development and social sustainability.Because women often balance multiple social and family roles,their time allocation differs substantially across activity types,which may substantially influence their SWB.Previous research has primarily examined the average effects of time use on well-being,while paying relatively little attention to the spatial heterogeneity of these relationships.Using data from the 2021 China Time Use Survey,this study investigates the regional distribution of women's SWB and examines how different time use patterns influence SWB across regions and between urban and rural areas.An ordered Logit model is employed to estimate the effects of time allocation while controlling for individual characteristics,household attributes,and subjective environmental evaluations.The results indicate that:(1)Women's SWB exhibits significant spatial disparities across China.Higher levels are observed in the southeastern coastal provinces and several inland provinces(e.g.,Gansu and Hubei),whereas the western and northeastern regions generally report relatively lower levels.(2)Different types of time use exert heterogeneous effects on women's SWB.Time allocated to personal care,learning and training,and leisure activities significantly enhances SWB,whereas work and commuting time significantly reduce it.Housework exhibits an inverted U-shaped relationship with SWB,suggesting that moderate participation in household activities enhances well-being,whereas excessive housework becomes a source of burden.These effects also vary across regions.The negative effects of work and commuting are strongest in eastern China;the positive effects of personal care and the nonlinear effect of housework are more pronounced in central China;women's well-being in western China is jointly influenced by the burden of travel and the positive role of personal care;and learning and training contribute more substantially to well-being in northeastern China.Marked urban-rural differences are also observed.Urban women's well-being is primarily constrained by work and commuting demands,whereas rural women's well-being benefits more from personal care and learning activities but is adversely affected by longer travel time.(3)Beyond time use,women's SWB is significantly associated with individual characteristics,household structure,and subjective evaluations of the living environment.These findings demonstrate that the relationship between time use and SWB is spatially contingent rather than universal.Understanding women's well-being requires consideration of individual time-allocation patterns and broader regional development and socio-spatial contexts.The findings provide empirical evidence to support the development of region-specific public service provisions and time-support policies to improve women's well-being.