ForewordOA

The Arctic is experiencing the most prominent and rapid climate warming on Earth, characterized by a pervasive Arctic amplification effect that renders regional temperature rise more than twice the global average over the past several decades.This accelerated warming has exhibited strong dependence on region, season, and altitude, and triggered a series of profound and interconnected cryospheric changes, including drastic sea ice decline, widespread glacier retreat, and intensive permafrost degradation within the Arctic.