A Roadmap for Extreme-Mechanics Hydrogels:From Toughening Mechanisms to Intelligent System IntegrationOA
Hydrogels,as water-rich,three-dimensional polymer networks,have emerged as essential materials across diverse fields including bio-integrated electronics,load-bearing biomedical implants,and soft robotics.However,conventional hydrogels often fail under mechanical extremes,limiting their deployment in mechanically demanding environments.This review bridges this gap by presenting a transformative design paradigm that shifts the focus from merely robust hydrogels to intelligently adaptive systems capable of withstanding and dynamically responding to extreme mechanical environments.We first deconstruct the fundamental toughening mechanisms—including sacrificial bonding,topological entanglements,and nanocomposite reinforcement—that form the foundation of mechanical robustness.Moving beyond static strength,we critically examine how stimuli-responsive elements(e.g.,temperature,light,pH,magnetic fields)can be integrated to enable real-time,dynamic modulation of mechanical properties.Advanced fabrication strategies,particularly bioinspired structuring and 3D printing,are highlighted as essential tools for achieving hierarchical architectures that optimize stress distribution and functional integration.Finally,we showcase pioneering applications in artificial muscles,wearable sensors,and adaptive tissue scaffolds,culminating in a forward-looking perspective on the convergence of artificial intelligence,multiscale modeling,and self-growing materials to guide the development of next-generation autonomous hydrogel systems.
Aixin Tong;Zhiyu Huang;Annan He;Sijie Qiao;Zhicheng Shi;Xiaotian Wang;Zhen Chen;Peiying Hu;Kai Wang;Jin Qian;Weilin Xu;Fengxiang Chen
State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment,Wuhan Textile University,Wuhan 430073,People’s Republic of ChinaState Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment,Wuhan Textile University,Wuhan 430073,People’s Republic of ChinaState Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment,Wuhan Textile University,Wuhan 430073,People’s Republic of ChinaState Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment,Wuhan Textile University,Wuhan 430073,People’s Republic of ChinaState Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment,Wuhan Textile University,Wuhan 430073,People’s Republic of ChinaState Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment,Wuhan Textile University,Wuhan 430073,People’s Republic of ChinaState Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment,Wuhan Textile University,Wuhan 430073,People’s Republic of ChinaState Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment,Wuhan Textile University,Wuhan 430073,People’s Republic of ChinaHuanjiang Laboratory,Zhuji 311800,People’s Republic of China School of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310027,People’s Republic of ChinaHuanjiang Laboratory,Zhuji 311800,People’s Republic of China School of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310027,People’s Republic of ChinaState Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment,Wuhan Textile University,Wuhan 430073,People’s Republic of ChinaState Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing,Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment,Wuhan Textile University,Wuhan 430073,People’s Republic of China
化学化工
Extreme-mechanicsHydrogelsMechanismsSynthesisApplications
《Nano-Micro Letters》 2026 (9)
P.910-979,70
financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52373085,52573090,U21A2095,and 52533017)Department of Science and Technology of Hubei Province(No.2025CSA001 and 2024CSA076)Outstanding Young and Middle-aged Scientific and Technology Innovation Team of Higher Education Institutions of Hubei Province(No.T2024010)Innovative Team Program of Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(No.2023AFA027)Major Fundamental Research of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2025ZD33)Technical Support Project of Administration for Market Regulation of Hubei Province(HbscjgJS2025001)Open Fund for Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Textile Equipment(KDTL2025007)。
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