尼帕病毒演化特征及防控技术研究进展OA

Nipah virus(NiV)is a highly lethal single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus designated by the World Health Organization(WHO)as a priority pathogen for pandemic preparedness.NiV has fruit bats as its natural reservoir and can infect humans through direct contact,consumption of contaminated food,and person-to-person transmission,causing severe diseases such as acute encephalitis and acute respiratory distress syndrome,with case fatality rates ranging from 40%to 75%.Based on whole-genome sequence homology and geographical distribution patterns,NiV has differentiated into two major genetic lineages,NiV-Malaysia(NiV-M)and NiV-Bangladesh(NiV-B).NiV-M is primarily transmitted via intermediate hosts(pigs and horses)and outbreaks can be controlled through culling of infected intermediate hosts,whereas NiV-B can directly spill over from fruit bat reservoirs to humans,exhibits greater person-to-person transmissibility,and shows endemic transmission characteristics.Current NiV outbreak prevention and control efforts face multiple challenges,including persistent viral genome evolution,lack of lineage-discriminating capability of diagnostic assays,and the absence of licensed human vaccines.This review systematically summarizes the evolutionary characteristics of NiV,its cross-species transmission patterns,recent advances in vaccine and antiviral drug development,analyzes the impact of viral evolution on surveillance strategies,and provides recommendations for optimizing prevention and control strategies from a pandemic preparedness perspective.