定型住宅设计范式对上海住区肌理的影响研究(1950s～1990s)OACHSSCD

The textures of residual areas built between the 1950s and 1990s constitute an important medium to understand modern Chinese urban civilization and spatial form.Existing studies lack representativeness in their selection of housing types and thus struggle to explain,from a technical perspective,how housing shapes the texture of residential areas.To address this gap,typical design houses closely associated with the planned economy,characterized by clear technical connotations and a continuous evolutionary trajectory,were chosen as the research objects.The study aims to reveal how their design paradigms reshaped the types and evolutionary directions of the texture of residential areas in Shanghai by transforming housing units and their modes of aggregation,and to clarify the underlying institutional and technical mechanisms.Through a systematic review of standard design catalogues,policy documents,design cases,and field materials from 1953 to 1992,the study reconstructs the evolutionary process of typical design paradigms.The scope of standardization within standard design was identified as the key analytical dimension,and the formal characteristics of typical housing units and their collective organization at different stages were analyzed morphologically,thereby classifying the corresponding texture types of residential areas.On this basis,the institutional drivers and technical logic of paradigm shifts were analyzed according to construction goals and building conditions across periods,thereby establishing an interpretive framework linking institutions,technology,and form. The findings indicate that the design paradigm of typical housing design has undergone three stages:the introduction phase,the localization exploration phase,and the reform phase.The core transformation manifested in continuous adjustment to the scope of standardization.From 1953 to 1958,the"single-building standardization"model emerged through the full introduction of Soviet standard design amid rapid industrial development in the service sector.This resulted in regularized plans and volumes,generating cuboid housing forms arranged in parallel to produce row-type residential textures.From 1959 to 1975,more locally adapted design approaches were explored under limited investment and requirements for improved use efficiency,and the scope of standardization shifts toward"unit standardization".A certain degree of flexibility was achieved through a combination of standardized units,resulting in a point-linear texture of residential areas where point-like and linear-like units coexisted.From 1976 to 1992,the typical design further developed into"half-unit standardization"as housing goals shifted toward improving living quality and product diversity.Greater compositional flexibility was introduced while maintaining partial standardization,resulting in zigzag building forms with articulated outlines and woven residential textures.These transformations demonstrate that shifts in design paradigms not only altered the geometric form of individual buildings but also reshaped the spatial structure of residential areas through changes in combinatory rules.The three typical texture types and their variations were continuously generated,superimposed,and reorganized over different periods,forming the fundamental fabric of residential morphology in Shanghai. Meanwhile,the standard design of typical housing can be understood as a technical translation of the planned economy within the architectural field.The standard design is both the collaborative result of construction goals and resource constraints,and the materialization of institutional goals at the design level.With the staged shifts in national industrial tasks and construction goals,as well as the continuous adjustment of economic institutions,the design paradigms reflected in the scope of standardization are changing continuously,thereby driving the evolution of housing units and their aggregation patterns.Finally,they are settled into textures in urban spaces.Thus,the texture of the formed residential areas can be interpreted as the cumulative presentation of economic institutions in material space through technical paradigms.Their continuous production and superposition from the 1950s to the 1990s faithfully record successive iterations of economic systems and housing design technologies while also continuing to shape the spatial structure and civilizational character of contemporary Chinese cities.This study has limitations in the acquisition and organization of historical data.As a result,relevant conclusions can be further deepened or amended with the support of more extensive cases and materials.