农业低空植保多场景约束机制及关键技术进展OA

The low-altitude economy is driving plant protection UAVs from single-purpose spraying platforms toward integrated low-altitude operation systems that combine sensing,decision-making,execution,feedback,and service organization.However,as UAV-based plant protection expands from regular field crops to orchards,mountainous forests,large-scale distributed farmland,and water-related or special scenarios,conventional evaluations based on single-machine performance or isolated spraying parameters are no longer sufficient to explain differences in operation quality,efficiency,and environmental risk.This review used scenario-dependent constraints as the central analytical thread to examine the research evolution,typical scenario mechanisms,and key technical bottlenecks of agricultural low-altitude plant protection.Based on a bibliometric analysis of UAV plant protection studies from 2009 to 2025,the review summarized the transition from equipment validation and spray optimization to sensing-based recognition,variable-rate application,and system integration.Scenario-dependent constraints were further classified into five dimensions:canopy/object structure,terrain and spatial conditions,environmental disturbance,operation window,and operational organization.Evidence-frequency mapping was used to compare the dominant constraints across field crops,orchards and economic crops,mountainous and forest areas,large-scale open operations,and water-related or special scenarios.The results showed that field crops are mainly constrained by operation windows and drift boundaries;orchards and economic crops by canopy structure and vertical deposition heterogeneity;mountainous and forest scenarios by terrain following,obstacle avoidance,and supply accessibility;large-scale open operations by non-spraying flight distance,replenishment stops,and multi-UAV scheduling;and water-related or special scenarios by payload adaptation,ecological buffers,and equipment environmental adaptability.On this basis,cross-scenario common issues were distilled into five systemic bottlenecks:droplet formation and canopy deposition,flight status and adaptation to terrain environments,crop phenotyping and decision-making for target control,variable-rate spraying prescription execution and error propagation,as well as operational organization,quality traceability,and risk management.The supporting roles of standardized testing,regulatory governance,and digital twin data feedback loops were further discussed.Future agricultural low-altitude plant protection should shift from maximizing single-machine efficiency to building system reliability under scenario-dependent constraints,supported by comparable testing protocols,traceable operation data,and governable service systems.