云南西南部地区澳洲坚果访花昆虫种类及行为习性OA

To investigate the reproductive mechanism of Macadamia integrifolia Maiden&Betche and improve yield via effective insect pollination,we systematically studied the species composition,foraging frequency,and diurnal activity patterns of flower-visiting insects in southwestern Yunnan using fixed-point observation,image capture,video recording,and morpho-logical identification.The results showed that a total of 11 species of flower-visiting insects belonging to 8 genera,7 fami-lies,and 4 orders were recorded in M.integrifolia orchards in this region.Among them,Apis cerana cerana Fabricius,Apis dorsata Fabricius,and Apis mellifera ligustica Spin.were the dominant species.Megascolia azurea Christ,Eristalinus arvorum Fabricius,Musca domestica Linnaeus,and Neptis hylas Linnaeus were common species.Neptis clinia Moore,Polyrhachis dives Smith,Solenopsis invicta Buren,and Cteniopus sulphureus Linnaeus were rare species.N.hylas Linnae-us,N.clinia Moore,and C.sulphureus Linnaeus represent newly recorded flower-visiting insects on M.integrifolia.The composition of flower-visiting insects varied geographically,but the dominant species were relatively consistent.Foraging behavior was significantly affected by climate and flowering stage.Insect foraging frequency was higher and single-flower handling time was longer at the early blooming stage,but pollination efficiency was low.Foraging frequency peaked at the full-blooming stage,with handling time decreasing to 53%of that at the early stage,and pollination efficiency was the highest.At the late flowering stage,foraging frequency gradually decreased,and the average handling time shortened to 5 s.Diurnal foraging activity peaked at 10:00 and gradually declined after 16:00.Artificially introduced pollinators(e.g.,A.mellifera ligustica)exhibited higher diurnal activity intensity than natural populations.Long-term monitoring over multiple years indicated that introduced pollinators had a significant competitive effect on local natural pollinator assembla-ges,leading to a gradual decline in the abundance of natural flower-visiting insects,which stabilized after three years.Therefore,we suggest the rational utilization of artificially reared pollinators to enhance pollination efficiency in M.integri-folia orchards,as well as strengthened conservation and utilization of dominant wild pollinators such as A.dorsata.