功能化外泌体在骨科疾病治疗中的研究进展OA

With the continuous development of society and the progress of medical science,the treatments for orthopedic diseases are gradually evolving towards precision medicine.As natural nanovesicles,exosomes pos-sess outstanding biocompatibility and targeting abilities.Through functional modifications including genetic engi-neering,drug loading,and surface modification,exosomes can precisely facilitate bone regeneration,regulate bone metabolism,and reshape the immune micro-environment.They show remarkable potential in the treatment of orthopedic disorders such as fractures,osteoarthritis,and osteoporosis.Nevertheless,there are still challenges in standardized preparation,efficacy evaluation,safety assessment,and clinical translation.This article systemati-cally reviews the most recent advances in functionalized exosomes for the treatment of orthopedic diseases,encom-passing their sources,preparation methods,functionalization strategies,and mechanisms of action.It summarizes the application progress of functionalized exosomes in orthopedic therapy,discusses the current technical chal-lenges and future development directions,and is of great significance for the translation of functionalized exosomes from laboratory research to clinical application in orthopedics.