人工智能对就业的冲击与福利国家的政策调整OA

This article examines the impact of artificial intelligence on the labour market and the policy responses of welfare states.Compared with the Third Industrial Revolution,the Fourth Industrial Revolution,centred on artificial intelligence,not only continues to replace manual labour but has also begun to encroach on the sphere of cognitive labour,with medium-and high-skilled jobs also being significantly affected.Traditional welfare state systems are facing systemic challenges:the platform economy is undermining the formal employment-based social security system;the differentiation of workers' bargaining power has intensified,leaving low-skilled groups trapped in the dilemma of recommodification;and pressures arising from imbalances between the revenue and expenditure of social security funds have become increasingly prominent.In response to these challenges,European welfare states have pursued policy adjustments in three areas:implementing active labour market policies to promote lifelong learning and skills training;reforming social security systems by innovating financing mechanisms and exploring new ways of recognising labour relations;and strengthening technological governance and algorithmic regulation to ensure that the development of artificial intelligence conforms to the principles of fairness and inclusion.The study shows that the development of artificial intelligence and the predicament of social welfare systems reflect a deep tension between economic efficiency and social equity.While new technologies may give rise to a new middle class,they may also lead to the downward mobility of the existing middle class.It is therefore necessary to adopt forward-looking policy design to transform technological dividends into inclusive social well-being and to build a new social contract between efficiency and equity.