移动的风景OACHSSCD

Hangzhou's West Lake has evolved from an early water conservancy landscape into a public recreational space centered on sightseeing,with water-based recreational activities continuing from the Tang Dynasty.The Southern Song,Ming,and Qing Dynasties witnessed the greatest prosperity of recreation on West Lake.The types of boats,the distribution of docks,the organization of routes,and the lakeside landscape together constituted a complete waterscape system.However,significant differences were observed among different social classes in terms of space use,landscape preferences,and visual experiences.These historical experiences are of significance to contemporary West Lake heritage protection,as well as the planning and management of boat tourism.In this study,boat types,class attributes,and characteristics in the Southern Song,Ming,and Qing Dynasties were identified,the distribution of docks in each period was reconstructed,and the typical tour routes of different groups and scenic spots along these routes were extracted based on documentary and pictorial materials.Based on modern DEM data,key nodes for commoners' lake tours in the Qing Dynasty were selected for visual field simulation,and the visual field range and the relationship between the line of sight opening and closing during the tour were quantitatively analyzed.The aim of this study was to systematically reveal the spatial characteristics,class differences,and evolutionary patterns of ancient West Lake recreation,clarify the interaction between boats,routes,and landscapes,and provide a historical basis for contemporary waterscape creation. Studies showed clear differences in the West Lake cruise system among the three dynasties.(1)In the Southern Song Dynasty,royal boats were made of exquisite materials with gorgeous decorations,while commoners mainly traveled by renting small,painted boats.In the Ming Dynasty,the aesthetics of literati played a dominant role,and custom-made boats,such as multi-story boats and"Buxiyuan",appeared,emphasizing both the view and the function of literati gatherings.In the Qing Dynasty,cruise boats performed commercial functions,royal boats conducted royal southern tours,ferries provided public transportation,and small boats became popular.(2)The wharves changed from a pattern of public and private coexistence in the Southern Song Dynasty to a public wharf system with a balanced distribution in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Although royal wharves were added in the Qing Dynasty,the overall public nature and universality continued to increase.(3)The organization of tourist routes showed a clear class preference:the royal routes in the Southern Song Dynasty concentrated on the imperial gardens,palaces,and private temples on the north bank,emphasizing ritual and exclusivity.However,the royal southern tours preferred the natural beauty of West Lake in the Qing Dynasty.Meanwhile,literati preferred quiet areas such as Gushan and Lihu,pursuing freehand expression and spiritual sustenance.Commoners utilized the outer lake loop and the Xilihu pilgrimage route,combining urban entertainment,spring sightseeing,and religious functions.(4)Visual field analysis showed that commoners' tourist routes had alternating open and closed views in the Qing Dynasty.The starting point,Yongjinbu,had a wide view that narrowed in the Lihu section.The Huxin Pavilion and Xiaoyingzhou offered panoramic views of the lake's iconic landscapes.Moreover,the Nanpingshan section provided a retrospective perspective,which was highly consistent with the multi-sensory experience described in historical records.Through the literati and public transformation in the Ming Dynasty,the lakeside landscape transformed from a hierarchical pattern of"north nobles and south commoners,east bustling and west secluded"in the Southern Song Dynasty to a shared space in the Qing Dynasty where the royal hierarchy and urban life blended.The historical evolution of West Lake's waterway tourism reveals a trend from distinct class differences to public openness. The historical evolution of water tourism in West Lake reflects the transformation from obvious differences among classes to a public and open development trend.The coordinated changes in boats,docks,and routes profoundly reflect the transformation of social structure,urban culture,and tourism needs,propelling West Lake into a mature public cultural landscape.Its spatial organization,visual creation,and route design paradigms laid the basic framework for later West Lake tourism.However,this study also has limitations that should be considered.Specifically,limitations related to the resolution and accuracy of publicly available DEM data,coupled with insufficient topographic detail,mean that the accuracy of visual field analysis in certain areas can be improved.Furthermore,differences exist between the Qing Dynasty and modern West Lake in local topography and shoreline patterns,leading to some deviations when using modern West Lake data to simulate the Qing Dynasty.The accurate restoration of the micro-landscape requires further refinement.Overall,the spatial equity,landscape hierarchy,and holistic experience embodied in the West Lake boating tradition can provide insights for contemporary World Heritage site boating planning,cultural revitalization,and public service improvement,continuing the classical concept of"moving scenery"and achieving the living inheritance of historical landscapes.