Electric-field manipulation of nanofriction in 2D materialsOA

Two-dimensional (2D) materials havedemonstrated immense potential in electronicdevices, optoelectronic devices, and micro electromechanical systems due to their unique structuresand exceptional physicochemical properties.However, the tribological properties of 2D materialsunder carrier transportation conditions possess asignificant impact on the reliability and lifespan ofelectronic devices, which poses a critical challengefor practical applications. Traditional macroscopictribology theories are inadequate in explaining frictionmechanisms at the nanoscale. Electric fields, as aneffective control method, could dynamically regulatethe interface friction behavior through various pathways such as carrier concentration, lattice strain, electron-phononcoupling, electric field-induced redox, and mechanical resonance. They have important potential in the fields of intelligentlubrication and friction sensing. However, the microscopic mechanism of friction energy dissipation under the action ofelectric fields is still unclear, especially the essence of the interaction between electrons and phonons. This reviewsystematically reviews the modulation mechanisms of current-carrying friction in 2D materials, which includes electronicinteractions, electrically induced strain, electron-phonon coupling, electric field-induced redox effects, and mechanicalresonance. The relevant research indicates that applied electric fields could dynamically alter interfacial adhesion andenergy dissipation pathways by modulating carrier concentration, lattice deformation, and surface chemical reactions. Thiscapability enables precise control over friction coefficients. Furthermore, environmental factors (humidity) and multi-physicalfield coupling (electric and magnetic fields) exert additional influences on frictional behavior. This review exhibits theapplication potential of these mechanisms in low-power devices and intelligent lubrication systems. Additionally, itunderscores the necessity of integrating multi-scale simulations with experimental validation in future studies. Theseresearches would deepen mechanistic understanding and facilitate the development of novel modulation strategies.