隋唐洛阳城正平坊区域出土砖瓦科技分析及工艺继承研究OACHSSCD

Yingzao Fashi,compiled by Li Jie during the Northern Song Dynasty,is the earliest and most comprehensive extant text in China on the manufacturing techniques for bricks and tiles.It provides detailed records of specifications and production methods,serving as a crucial reference for the study of ancient brick and tile making.The Sui-Tang Luoyang City was initially constructed in 605 AD,the first year of the Daye reign of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty,and remained in use from the Sui and Tang Dynasties through the Northern Song Dynasty,spanning more than 500 years.It is the ancient city with the longest duration of use among all the ancient cities constructed in China before the compilation of Yingzao Fashi.With its massive scale,the Sui-Tang Luoyang City was one of the largest capitals in the world at the time and holds significant importance in the history of ancient Chinese capital architecture.The unearthed brick and tile components from the Zhengpingfang site served as building materials for high-grade architectural complexes in the Sui-Tang Luoyang City.Their manufacturing techniques possess significant historical,cultural and technological research value,and they provide important material evidence to corroborate textual records on ancient brick and tile production. First,we conducted a comprehensive assessment of the morphological characteristics of the brick and tile samples unearthed from the Zhengpingfang area of the Sui-Tang Luoyang City,including color,specifications,preservation status,and traces of craftsmanship.Subsequently,scientific analysis of composition,physical properties,and microstructure were carried out using instruments such as wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence(WDXRF)spectrometry,X-ray diffraction(XRD),polarized light microscopy,and thermal dilatometry.The results are summarized in three aspects as follows.1)The clay raw material used for the bricks and tiles are fusible clays,sourced locally but not from a single origin.Based on the compositional similarities between brick and tile materials from the Guozijian(Imperial Academy)area and from the kiln area,the kilns at Zhengpingfang were likely dedicated to producing building components for nearby structures,such as the Guozijian within the Zhengpingfang area,reflecting a close relationship between brick and tile kilns and the surrounding constructions.2)The firing techniques were relatively mature,with an average firing temperature of 1042℃.The mineral composition is primarily quartz and feldspar,with no mullite detected.3)By integrating morphological and physical data of the unearthed bricks and tiles with textual records in Yingzao Fashi on specifications,grades,and manufacturing techniques,the overall technical features of the bricks and tiles unearthed at Zhengpingfang in the Sui-Tang Luoyang City are consistent with the manufacturing techniques and specifications documented in Yingzao Fashi.This demonstrates continuity in brick and tile production from the Tang to the Song Dynasties to a certain extent. This study clarifies the historical and scientific value of the ceramic bricks and tiles unearthed at the Zhengpingfang area of the Sui-Tang Luoyang City,identifies their raw material sources and manufacturing techniques,and confirms their technical inheritance.These findings could provide a scientific basis for further research on the evolution and development of ceramic brick and tile manufacturing techniques in China.