水稻适应与减缓气候变化研究进展与展望OA

Under climate change,rice production faces the dual challenges of sustaining yield stability and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.Achieving yield stability under climate change without exacerbating emissions has therefore become a central challenge for sustainable rice systems.This review synthesizes recent advances in understanding how climate change influences rice physiological and ecological processes,as well as yield and quality formation.We further consolidate current knowledge on methane(CH4)and nitrous oxide(N2O)emissions from paddy fields,highlighting their biogeochemical mechanisms,temporal dynamics,and the critical regulatory roles of water management,nitrogen inputs,and organic carbon availability.Building on these mechanistic insights,we systematically evaluate major adaptation and mitigation strategies,including stress-tolerant and low-emission varietal improvement,optimized irrigation regimes(e.g.,alternate wetting and drying with risk-sensitive thresholds),precision nutrient management and enhanced-efficiency fertilizers,cropping system optimization(such as ratoon rice and diversified rotations),and straw management through incorporation,partial removal,or biochar conversion.Comparative analysis indicates that efficiency-enhancing practices,particularly coordinated water-nitrogen management,ratoon-based systems,and digital decision-support tools,often generate synergistic benefits for both yield stability and emission reduction.In contrast,several widely adopted practices exhibit strong context dependency and may involve trade-offs,most notably CH4-N2O substitution under intermittent irrigation and increased CH4 emissions following straw return under prolonged flooding.We identify critical constraints limiting large-scale implementation,including regional heterogeneity in infrastructure and management capacity,uncertainties under compound climate extremes,insufficient long-term evidence linking productivity,grain quality,and emissions,high monitoring and verification costs,and weak economic incentives for farmers.Future research priorities include establishing long-term,multi-site experimental networks across major rice-producing regions,strengthening the coupling of field observations with process-based modeling for robust scenario assessment,and developing multi-dimensional assessment frameworks that integrate yield stability,grain quality,greenhouse gas emissions,resource-use efficiency,and farm-level economic resilience.Coordinated policy instruments that integrate irrigation governance,extension services,risk sharing mechanisms,and credible monitoring,reporting and verification systems will be essential to accelerate the transition toward climate resilient,high yielding,and low-carbon rice production systems.