食药用菌免疫调节活性物质的功能、机制及应用前景OA

Edible and medicinal fungi are characterized by their distinctive flavors and notable health-enhancing properties.The immunomodulatory effects of these fungi are primarily ascribed to a diverse spectrum of bioactive compounds they produce,including bioactive peptides,lectins,fungal immunomodulatory proteins,polysaccharides,terpenoids,polyphenols,and sterols.These compounds exert their biological functions through multiple mechanisms:they selectively regulate the activity of immune cells such as macrophages,natural killer cells,and T lymphocytes,as well as modulate the cytokine milieu;they impact key signaling pathways,particularly NF-κB and MAPK,thereby influencing inflammatory responses and cellular proliferation;and they modify the composition and metabolic functions of the gut microbiota,consequently reshaping the immune microenvironment via the gut-immune axis.Consequently,these bioactive substances exhibit anti-inflammatory,antitumor,glycemic regulatory,and immune homeostasis-maintaining effects.Currently,some active substances have achieved preliminary applications in the food sector,agricultural sector,and biological field,holding broad prospects in the comprehensive health and wellness sector and industrial upgrading.However,the industrial advancement of these bioactive compounds faces three main challenges:variability in bioactive component content among major cultivated mushroom species and the lack of standardized quality control measures;incomplete elucidation of the complex mechanisms underlying the actions of these bioactive molecules;and insufficient exploitation of abundant wild mushroom resources.Future research should prioritize the elucidation of biosynthetic pathways and mechanisms of action of these compounds through omics technologies;the application of synthetic biology techniques employing industrial-scale mushroom cultivation strains as chassis organisms to enable large-scale,standardized production of rare bioactive substances;and the acceleration of translational efforts to meet the growing demands of the health industry.Such progress will facilitate the transition of the edible and medicinal mushroom sector from a resource-dependent framework to an engineering-driven paradigm.This review systematically explores the classification,functional roles,mechanistic pathways,and potential applications of immunoregulatory bioactive compounds derived from edible and medicinal mushrooms,thereby providing a theoretical basis to support further comprehensive research and industrial development in this domain.