陕北黄土高原生态系统服务与人类福祉关系的尺度依赖性OA

Unraveling the interactions and scale effects between ecosystem services and human well-being within major ecological engineering zones is key to achieving social-ecological system coevolution.As a frontline for large-scale ecological restoration,poverty alleviation,and rural revitalization,the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi in China has undergone profound shifts in ecosystem services and human well-being.This study uses the InVEST model,Spearman correlation analysis,and the coupling coordination degree model to examine the spatio-temporal distribution and internal correlations of key ecosystem services and human well-being in the Loess Pla-teau of northern Shaanxi from 2000 to 2023,including grain production,carbon storage,water yield,soil reten-tion,and habitat quality.Therefore,this study explored the coupling coordination patterns and scale-dependent characteristics of ecosystem services and human well-being at the county and township levels.The results re-vealed that(1)A significant spatial mismatch occurred between the evolution of ecosystem services and human well-being:while ecosystem services overall improved with a"high-in-south,low-in-north"pattern,human well-being exhibited a"high-in-north,low-in-south"distribution.(2)Synergies predominated within both ecosystem services and human well-being systems,characterized by prevalent positive correlations among individual ecosys-tem service categories and human well-being dimensions.(3)Pronounced scale dependency was observed in eco-system services and human well-being coupling coordination.In both scales,the relationships were dominated by moderate coordination and antagonism,exhibiting a trend where"maladjusted zones shifted southward while co-ordinated zones migrated northward".Notably,compared to the county scale,the township scale exhibited lower mean coupling coordination degree values and a significant increase in antagonistic and maladjusted units.This study reveals that macroscale synergies may mask underlying imbalances and risks at microscales.These findings provide critical insights for formulating cross-scale,precision-targeted policies that balance ecological equity with development opportunities,ultimately fostering high-quality development in the Loess Plateau and similar ecolog-ically vulnerable regions globally.