保护地役权改革缓解国家公园候选区"人-地"冲突的实现逻辑、挑战与完善对策OACHSSCD

The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly proposed the promotion of the construction of a national park-based protected area system,which has become an important path for maintaining the integrity and authenticity of ecosystems and achieving harmonious coexistence between humans and nature in modernization.However,driven by the goal of unified resource management,changes in land tenure within national parks have led to increasingly prominent human-land conflicts,directly impeding the coordinated development of national parks and surrounding communities.This study systematically explains the connotation and characteristics of conservation easement reform and its theoretical logic in alleviating the human-land conflicts within the national park system,including:the conflict between unified forestland tenure management and decentralized forest rights holders;the difficulty in transforming community ecological resources into ecological assets;the tension between "public environmental interest" and "individual interests" in ecological conservation;and the challenge of fragmented community governance versus the diverse needs of multiple stakeholders.Taking the conservation easement reform in the Qianjiangyuan-Baishanzu National Park candidate area as an example,this study analyzes the main measures,achievements,and practical challenges of the reform in alleviating the human-land conflicts.The main challenges identified include:the unresolved legal barrier to incorporating conservation easements into legislation;the incomplete mechanism for realizing the value of ecological products through the reform;the lack of a diversified,differentiated,and dynamic compensation mechanism for the reform;and the insufficient motivation for business entities and communities to continuously participate in the reform. Accordingly,it is suggested to accelerate the legal integration of conservation easements to ensure a legal basis for further reform;integrate conservation easement reform with the concession systems to facilitate the value realization of ecological products;construct a diversified compensation mechanism for conservation easement reform to effectively alleviate the human-land conflicts;and enhance multi-stakeholder cooperative governance to support community transformation and development.