生物炭与水热炭的表征及应用研究进展OA

The conversion of biomass into carbon-rich materials,biochar and hydrochar,has emerged as a promising strategy to solve pressing environmental challenges while supporting sustainable industrial de-velopment.A comprehensive analysis of recent ad-vances in the characterization and application of these materials,is provided,emphasizing their distinct pro-duction methods,physicochemical properties,and functional versatility.Biochar,typically obtained by pyrolysis at high temperatures,has a high porosity,aromaticity,and thermal stability,making it well-suited for applications such as CO2 capture,electro-chemical energy storage,catalysis,and soil improve-ment.In contrast,hydrochar,produced by hydro-thermal carbonization in aqueous media at moderate temperatures,retains a higher number of surface functional groups and heteroatoms,offering advant-ages in aqueous-phase catalysis,pollutant adsorption,and bioremediation.The critical role of physicochem-ical characterization in optimizing material perform-ance is outlined,and analytical techniques including liquid nitrogen adsorption,scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffrac-tion,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy,infrared spectroscopy,Boehm titration,and thermogravimetric analysis are discussed.These show how physical-chemical characteristics such as surface area,functional group chemistry,and degree of graphitization,govern the materials'suitability for specific applications.Emerging uses in waste water treatment,bio-fuel production,animal feed,and advanced oxidation processes are examined,alongside their relevance to multiple UN Sustain-able Development Goals,particularly in climate action,clean energy,and responsible production.The materials are versatile and can be produced on a large scale.Their performance can be fine-tuned using different production and post-treatment pro-cesses,making them key enablers in the transition to a circular,carbon-conscious economy.