猴头菇多糖的提取方法及生物活性研究进展OA

Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides(HEPs),the main active components of the medicinal and edible fungus Hericium erinaceus,have become a research hotspot in food science and pharmaceutical development due to their broad biological activities.This paper provides a systematic review of the research progress on HEPs,containing extraction and purification,structural characteristics,biological activities and structure-activity relationships.Regarding extraction and purification,common crude extraction methods include hot water extraction method,ultrasound-assisted extraction method,microwave-assisted extraction method,alkaline extraction and acid precipitation method and so on.The resulting crude polysaccharides are subsequently purified through steps such as deproteinization(Sevage method,trichloroacetic acid method),decolorization(hydrogen peroxide oxidation method,macroporous adsorption resin method),and secondary purification via methods of ion exchange chromatography and gel chromatography to obtain high-purity HEPs.Structurally,HEPs exhibit complex characteristics,and their biological activities are highly dependent on factors such as molecular weight,monosaccharide composition,degree of branching,and glycosidic bond types.HEPs from different sources show structural variations,typically featuring glucose as the structural backbone,while variations in the ratios of other monosaccharides may dictate specific biological activities.Research indicates that HEPs have various biological activities,including gastrointestinal protection,immunomodulation,antioxidation,antitumor effects,neuroprotection and lipid-lowering properties.Their mechanisms of action involve multiple levels,such as modulating immune signaling pathways(TLR4/NF-κB),enhancing the antioxidant enzyme system,regulating apoptosis-related proteins(Bcl-2/Bax),and influencing gut microbiota homeostasis.However,several challenges remain,including insufficient standardization of extraction processes,unclear fine structure elucidation and structure-activity relationships,and a lack of clinical translation evidence.Future efforts should employ multidisciplinary technologies to elucidate the structure-activity relationships and molecular mechanisms in depth,establish a comprehensive'extraction-structure-function'correlation mode,promote the standardized production and diversified product development of HEPs,and ultimately achieve the leap from basic research to industrial application.