基于失效程度的废旧三元镍钴锰锂离子电池直接回收研究进展OACHSSCD

The rapid development of electric vehicles and large-scale energy storage industries has driven the widespread adoption of ternary nickel-cobalt-manganese(NCM)lithium-ion batteries.It is estimated that tens of millions of tons of spent NCM batteries will need to be recycled in the future.If improperly managed,these batteries not only cause severe environmental pollution but also result in significant waste of strategic metals such as cobalt and nickel.First,to address the wide variation in chemical composition and degradation state among spent NCM batteries,this paper proposes a cascade utilization strategy based on battery degradation.The paper first summarizes the key degradation mechanisms during battery cycling and then classifies spent NCM batteries according to their degree of degradation.Based on this classification,two suitable recycling pathways are identified:second-life utilization and direct recycling.Then,this study places particular emphasis on NCM batteries with moderate to severe degradation and examines recent progress in direct recycling technologies,including solid-state sintering,hydrothermal processing,and molten salt-assisted methods.These approaches are systematically compared in terms of structural restoration,electrochemical performance recovery,process cost,and environmental impact,with the aim of assessing both their regeneration effectiveness and industrial feasibility.Finally,the challenges and future development directions for direct recycling technologies are discussed.This work aims to provide a systematic perspective and practical guidance for achieving efficient closed-loop recycling and low-carbon resource recovery of spent NCM lithium-ion batteries.