Biomimetic adhesives in biomedical engineering:from micro/nano structure design to applicationsOA

Natural evolution has endowed biological surfaces with unique microstructural features,enabling them to achieve complex functions such as grasping,climbing,and self-cleaning through precise regulation of adhesion.Inspired by this,bioinspired adhesive microstructures have shown tremendous application potential in the rapidly advancing and highly innovative biomedical field.This paper systematically reviews the adhesion systems of biological surfaces like those of geckos and tree frogs,and conducts an in-depth analysis of the adhesion mechanisms underlying various microstructures and their corresponding bioinspired adhesives from the critical perspective of structural characteristics.It reviews different types of interfacial adhesion models,with special emphasis on the suitability of the Cantor-Borodich profile model for accurately describing multiscale hierarchical adhesive structures in diverse and complex biological systems.The paper focuses on elaborating the significant contributions of bioinspired adhesives in biomedical engineering,particularly their practical and impactful applications in wearable medical devices such as stable adhesion in dynamic physiological environments,surgical instruments such as low-damage soft tissue gripping,and drug delivery systems such as enhanced transdermal delivery efficiency.Additionally,it outlines current development prospects and key challenges such as long-term biocompatibility,environmental adaptability,and structure-function synergistic optimization,providing new ideas and valuable references for further research and application of bioinspired adhesive microstructures in biomedical engineering.