A greener approach to Buchwald-Hartwig coupling. A sustainable Pd/C-catalyzed Csp2–N bond formation under microwave irradiation and bio-based solventOA
The Buchwald-Hartwig coupling enables the grafting of nitrogen-containing functionalities onto molecules,facilitating the synthesis of a wide variety of molecular structures.However,several challenges impact the sustainability of this coupling.In our pursuit of a more sustainable Buchwald-Hartwig process,we report an optimized protocol that enhances energy efficiency and minimizes waste.Utilizing recoverable Pd/C as a catalyst,we performed the process in the bio-based solvent 2-MeTHF.To further boost energy efficiency,we employed microwave heating technology,resulting in improved overall process efficiency and reduced reaction times.This optimized approach allowed for the synthesis of a wide array of 17 variously functionalized arylamines.Thanks to the optimized workup procedure that facilitated the recovery and reuse of the catalyst,ligand,and 2-MeTHF,we achieved a reduced E-Factor ranging from 5.8 to 14.9,further contributing to the sustainability of the process.
Giulia Brufani;Marta Ciani;Massimo Calamante;Francesco Mauriello;Luigi Vaccaro
Department of Civil,Energy,Environmental and Material Engineering(DICEAM),Universitàdegli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria,Via Graziella,Feo di Vito,Reggio Calabria 89122,Italy Laboratory of Green S.O.C.–Dipartimento di Chimica,Biologia e Biotecnologie,Universitàdegli Studi di Perugia,Via Elce di Sotto 8,Perugia 06123,ItalyLaboratory of Green S.O.C.–Dipartimento di Chimica,Biologia e Biotecnologie,Universitàdegli Studi di Perugia,Via Elce di Sotto 8,Perugia 06123,Italy Department of Civil,Energy,Environmental and Material Engineering(DICEAM),Universitàdegli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria,Via Graziella,Feo di Vito,Reggio Calabria 89122,ItalyInstitute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds(CNR-ICCOM),Via Madonna del Piano 10,Sesto Fiorentino 50019,Italy Department of Chemistry“U.Schiff”,University of Florence,Via della Lastruccia 13,Sesto Fiorentino 50019,ItalyDepartment of Civil,Energy,Environmental and Material Engineering(DICEAM),Universitàdegli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria,Via Graziella,Feo di Vito,Reggio Calabria 89122,ItalyLaboratory of Green S.O.C.–Dipartimento di Chimica,Biologia e Biotecnologie,Universitàdegli Studi di Perugia,Via Elce di Sotto 8,Perugia 06123,Italy
化学化工
Buchwald-Hartwig couplingMicrowave irradiationBio-based solventsHeterogeneous catalystGreen metrics
《Green Synthesis and Catalysis》 2026 (1)
P.98-104,7
funding by the European Union–NextGenerationEU under the Italian Ministry of University and Research(MUR)National Innovation Ecosystem grant ECS00000041–VITALITY.
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