农用化学品干扰下丘脑促性腺激素释放激素神经元-垂体促性腺生殖轴功能研究进展OA

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal(HPG)axis is the central neuroendocrine regulator of vertebrate reproduction,governing sexual maturation,reproductive function,and endocrine homeostasis through multilevel hormonal cascades.It is also a sensitive target for environmental endocrine disruptors.Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)neurons and pitu-itary gonadotropes are located upstream of the HPG axis,and are indispensable for reproductive and endocrine functions.Agrochemicals represent a major class of endocrine-disrupting chemicals capable of interfering with GnRH pulsatility as well as the synthesis and release of gonadotropins through multiple pathways.This review summarized recent epidemiological and toxicological ev-idence concerning the effects of insecticides,herbicides,fungicides and plant growth regulators on hypothalamic GnRH neuron-pituitary gonadotropes.It surveyed the evidence linking agro-chemicals exposure to abnormalities in hypothalamic GnRH pulsatility and disturbances in go-nadotropin synthesis and secretion,and further examined the roles of key pathways such as the Kisspeptin/G protein-coupled receptor 54 system,neurotransmitters and signaling molecules,ion channels,as well as oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.Current research remains largely confined to insecticides,with significant limitations in simulating real-world exposure complexity and systematically elucidating underlying toxic mechanisms.Future studies should expand to other agrochemicals classes and integrate emerging approaches such as multi-omics and computational toxicology to systematically identify the integrated mechanisms disrupting upstream HPG axis functions.Such efforts will provide more comprehensive scientific evidence for assessing the reproductive toxicity of agrochemicals.