民众灾害意识:概念建构与测量探析OA

Raising people's disaster awareness is a prerequisite for enhancing their disaster-coping capacities.Al-though"disaster awareness"has long been a very common term in academic circles,disaster management communities,and even society at large,there still remains a notable lack of sufficient discussion regarding what this awareness of the general public specifically refers to,and how it can be concretely measured across different types of hazards and disasters,varied population groups,and diverse physical and socio-economic contexts.First,by reviewing the current understand-ing of the concept of disaster awareness of the public domestically and internationally,and particularly by drawing upon concepts of environmental awareness and environmental literacy in the field of environmental studies,we define Public Di-saster Awareness(PDA)as people's state of understanding and level of concern regarding disaster and disaster-reduction issues,as well as their capacity-building for and proactive actions in disaster-reduction practices;we further posit that PDA is an organic integration of multifaceted factors,encompassing people's psychology,knowledge,capabilities,and behav-iors.Next,based on this new definition,UNISDR's terminology on public awareness,the authors'extensive relevant re-search experience,and other valuable factors,we propose an education objective-oriented dimensional construct for PDA concept under the overarching guidance of UNESCO-UNEP's classic understanding of the categories of environmental education objectives.Specifically,the proposed PDA dimensional construct comprises five specific dimensions:①disas-ter sensitivity and risk perception,②acquisition of disaster knowledge,③mastery of disaster-coping measures and skills,④attitudes and values,and ⑤proactive disaster-reduction behaviors and participation.We also discuss the advantages of this novel dimensional construct,which is grounded in insights from relevant educational theory and designed to,in turn,facilitate better disaster education practices.Furthermore,focusing on earthquake hazards and disasters,we subsequently identify several general principles for establishing PDA indicators that are universally applicable to other kinds of hazards and disasters as well,including"common knowledge orientation"and public-accessibility&friendliness,place-specificity,group-appropriateness,and keeping pace with the times.Finally,building on the authors'extensive experi-ence with questionnaire surveys on various disaster topics,we summarize several targeted strategies for developing ques-tionnaires that aim at measuring PDA in particular,containing planning of questionnaire item types,guidance by applica-tion goals,and re-examination of place-specificity.The proposed education objective-oriented dimensional construct of the PDA concept holds significant theoretical values for exploring both"disaster awareness"and"disaster education".Meanwhile,the principles for constructing PDA indicators that derive from examining public awareness regarding earth-quake hazards and disasters,and the strategies for developing PDA questionnaires that are grounded in the research team's extensive disaster-focused survey experience both offer valuable references and promising transferable practical implica-tions for addressing similar issues regarding other types of hazards and disasters.