灵芝多糖的结构特征与免疫调节机制研究进展OA

Ganoderma lucidum is a traditional edible and medicinal fungus,and its polysaccharides(Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides,GLPs),as the main active components,have drawn extensive attention in the field of immune regulation.The molecular weight distribution,degree of branching,conformational characteristics,and spatial configuration of GLPs are closely related to the source of raw materials,extraction and separation processes,and purification methods,and directly affect their biological activities.β-glucan is the most common structural backbone in GLPs.It can form various spatial configurations through side-chain linkages of different sugar residues,thereby influencing the immunomodulatory function of GLPs.GLPs can exert extensive effects by regulating both innate and adaptive immunity.They can bind to pattern recognition receptors(e.g.,TLR4 and Dectin-1)and activate key signaling pathways(e.g.,NF-κB,MAPK,and PI3K/Akt pathways),thereby enhancing the phagocytic function of macrophages,promoting the maturation of dendritic cells,increasing the cytotoxic activity of NK cells,regulating the proliferation and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes,and effectively modulating the secretion of immune molecules,including cytokines,chemokines,immunoglobulins,and complement components.In addition,GLPs can also modulate the composition of the intestinal microbiota and its metabolic products,influence the"gut microbiota-immune axis",and thereby indirectly regulate the body's immune response.This multi-pathway and multi-target immune regulation characteristic has consistently made it a research hotspot.Therefore,in this article,the sources,structures,and molecular characteristics of GLPs were systematically reviewed,focusing on discussing their immune regulation mechanism,and the future research directions in the field of immune regulation were prospected.