海洋防污水凝胶涂层的制备与研究进展OA

Marine biofouling poses a severe global challenge by increasing fuel consumption and accelerating infrastructure corrosion,thereby raising operational costs,while also threatening marine ecosystems.The maritime industry's shift from toxic,biocide-releasing coatings towards environmentally benign solutions has highlighted the limitations of current foul-release technologies,such as their dependency on water flow and poor static performance.In this context,hydrogel coatings have emerged as a highly promising platform.Their inherent superhydrophilicity facilitates the formation of a stable bound hydration layer at the interface,which acts as a physical barrier to the initial adsorption of organic molecules and the subsequent attachment of fouling organisms. This review systematically examines the development of hydrogel-based antifouling coatings,from addressing fundamental material weaknesses to integrating advanced smart functionalities.The practical application of hydrogels in marine environments is initially hindered by their typically weak mechanical properties and poor substrate adhesion.It also details innovative network design strategies to overcome these hurdles.This includes leveraging dynamic non-covalent cross-linking(e.g.,hydrogen bonds,metal-coordination)for self-healing and stimuli-responsiveness,combined with covalent cross-linking for structural robustness.Advanced architectures like interpenetrating double/triple networks and microphase-separated heterogeneous hydrogels are discussed for achieving exceptional toughness and fatigue resistance,mimicking natural composites. Beyond passive fouling resistance,strategies for active performance enhancement are analyzed.This encompasses the selection of high-hydration matrices(e.g.,zwitterionic polymers)and their synergy with low-surface-energy components.A significant focus is placed on the hydrogel's role as a controlled-release reservoir for eco-friendly antifoulants or as a host for catalytic nanomaterials,such as cerium oxide,which provides a potent,non-toxic antibacterial action through reactive oxygen species generation. The integration of smart and adaptive features represents the research frontier.It covers stimuli-responsive hydrogels that react to biofouling-relevant triggers like pH,salinity,or light,thereby enabling on-demand antifouling action.Equally critical is the development of self-healing capabilities,through dynamic covalent or supramolecular chemistry,which ensures long-term durability and functional recovery from physical damage. Despite considerable progress,key challenges remain for real-world translation,including ensuring long-term stability under hydrodynamic shear and UV exposure,developing scalable coating processes for large structures,and validating performance through standardized field trials.Future efforts must focus on multifunctional design,scalable manufacturing,and rigorous real-sea testing to bridge the gap between laboratory innovation and practical marine application,paving the way for a new generation of intelligent and sustainable antifouling solutions.