我国羊肚菌品种选育现状与展望OA

Morels(Morchella spp.)are a well-known group of ascomycetes widely distributed in the northern hemisphere,highly favored for their nutritional and medicinal value.China boasts abundant wild Morchella germplasm resources,with the exploration of its artificial cultivation initiated in the 1950s.With the gradual maturity of field cultivation technology in recent years,the economic and industrial values of Morchella have increased year by year,and the rapid development of its industry has become an important driving force for advancing rural revitalization in China.However,the insufficient supply of elite strains constitutes a critical bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of the industry.Based on statistical data from the National Seed Industry Big Data,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),and the National Intellectual Property Administration,this study systematically sorted out the current status,achievements and methods of Morchella cultivar breeding in China,identified the existing problems in the current Morchella seed industry,and further put forward relevant thoughts and suggestions.The results showed that the cultivation of Morchella in China has undergone a century of exploration and large-scale production was achieved after the breakthrough of key cultivation technologies in 2012.The cultivation area reached approximately 29 820 hm2 in 2023,forming an industrial pattern dominated by the main cultivated species of Morchella importuna,M.sextelata and M.eximia.In terms of cultivar protection,China has initially constructed a three-dimensional protection system comprising cultivar certification,new plant cultivar rights and strain patents,yet there remain prominent issues such as voluntary certification,limited coverage of Distinctness,Uniformity and Stability test(DUS),and a lengthy authorization period.Up to now,a total of 70 Morchella cultivars have been bred nationwide,among which 51 cultivars have passed certification(identification/examination and approval).A total of 36 patent applications for strains have been filed,with 21 authorized,and research institutions are the main breeding entities.At present,wild resources domestication remains the primary approach for Morchella breeding,and technologies such as hybridization,mutagenesis and protoplast fusion have been gradually integrated into breeding practices,followed by systematic screening and identification procedures.DNA-based molecular marker technology has played an important role in cultivar certification and intellectual property protection,but the provision of specific DNA molecular markers is not mandatory.The current Morchella seed industry still faces prominent challenges,including chaos in cultivar naming and application,an imperfect intellectual property protection system,lagging breeding technologies,weak basic research,and unstable strain quality.Thus,this study proposes that it is imperative to strengthen the protection and utilization of germplasm resources,promote the mandatory application of molecular marker technology in cultivar protection,establish a modern molecular breeding system,deepen researches on the growth and development mechanism of Morchella,and improve the standardized production and quality traceability system of strains,aiming to drive the high-quality and sustainable development of Morchella seed industry in China.