An evidence-based review of the ethnomedicinal,phytochemical,and pharmacological properties of Typhonium flagelliformeOA

Typhonium flagelliforme(TF)is a Southeast Asian medicinal plant traditionally used for cancer,respiratory disorders,gastrointestinal complaints,wound healing,inflammation,and general health.Contemporary studies validate these uses,showing potent anticancer,immunomodulatory,anti-inflammatory,gastroprotective,antibacterial,antioxidant,and wound-healing activities.Ethanol,dichloromethane,methanol,and ethyl acetate extracts exhibit strong cytotoxicity against breast(MCF-7,T47D),lung(NCI-H23),colon(WiDr),and leukemia(CEM-ss,WEHI-3)cells via apoptosis,telomerase inhibition,HER2/neu and BCL-2 suppression,and antiangiogenesis.Notably,2-octenoic acid and 2-hexenoic acid show exceptional activity(IC₅₀=2.66 and 3.10μg/mL)against MCF-7 cells.TF also restores lymphocyte proliferation,enhances macrophage activity,increases both CD4+and CD8+T-cell levels,and modulates cytokines(TNF-α,IL-1α,IL-10).Gastroprotective,anti-ulcer,antibacterial,antioxidant,and wound-healing effects further support traditional claims.Key phytochemicals include flavonoids(isovitexin,kaempferol,vitexin),phenolics(vanillin,4-hydroxybenzaldehyde),phytosterols(β-sitosterol,campesterol,stigmasterol,daucosterol),chlorophyll derivatives(pheophorbides),and long-chain fatty acids(linoleic,linolenic,oleic,stearic).These findings highlight TF as a source of multifunctional bioactive compounds,warranting further pharmacokinetic,safety,and clinical evaluation for evidence-based therapeutic development.