Glutathione mitigates hypoxia-induced gill damage in juvenile grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)by alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagyOA
Background Environmental hypoxia is a common phenomenon in aquaculture,which causes gill tissue injury in fish.Glutathione(GSH)is a vital antioxidant in animal tissues,and its levels decrease under hypoxic conditions.However,the effects of glutathione on fish under hypoxic stress remain poorly understood.This study aimed to investigate the impact of glutathione on gill tissue damage in fish under hypoxic stress and explore the underlying mechanisms.Methods Six experimental diets with varying glutathione concentrations.The actual glutathione levels in these diets,measured by high-performance liquid chromatography,were 0.00,145.95,291.90,437.85,583.80,and 729.75 mg/kg,respectively.Fish were fed these diets for 70 d,after which a 96-h hypoxic stress experiment was conducted.The experiment was set up with normoxic and hypoxic groups,in which the dissolved oxygen in the group was 6 mg/L,and that in the group was 1 mg/L.Results This research revealed that glutathione could enhance the growth performance and antioxidant capability of juvenile grass carp while mitigating the structural damage to gill tissues induced by hypoxia stress.Mechanistic investigations further indicated that glutathione mitigated hypoxia-induced oxidative injury in gill tissues and improved their antioxidant capacity.In addition,glutathione attenuated gill apoptosis induced by hypoxia stress.Glutathione also inhibited the initiation,nucleation,elongation,and degradation phases of autophagy,thereby attenuating hypoxia-induced gill autophagy.Moreover,glutathione was found to alleviate hypoxia-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS)in gills,a response potentially linked to the suppression of PERK,IRE1,and ATF6 signaling pathways.Finally,based on the ROS and PC contents in gill tissue,the optimum glutathione supplementation levels for juvenile grass carp under hypoxia stress were 437.10 and 495.00 mg/kg,respectively.Conclusions In conclusion,our experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of glutathione in alleviating gill tissue damage caused by hypoxic stress.This study confirms the feasibility and effectiveness of dietary glutathione addition to alleviate hypoxic stress in fish.
Shenghua Zeng;Lin Feng;Pei Wu;Yang Liu;Yaobin Ma;Hongmei Ren;Xiaowan Jin;Xiaoqiu Zhou;Weidan Jiang
Animal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,ChinaAnimal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,China Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,China Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition,Ministry of Education,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Chengdu 611130,ChinaAnimal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,China Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,China Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition,Ministry of Education,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Chengdu 611130,ChinaAnimal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,China Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,China Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition,Ministry of Education,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Chengdu 611130,ChinaAnimal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,China Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,China Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition,Ministry of Education,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Chengdu 611130,ChinaAnimal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,China Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,China Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition,Ministry of Education,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Chengdu 611130,ChinaAnimal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,China Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,China Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition,Ministry of Education,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Chengdu 611130,ChinaAnimal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,China Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,China Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition,Ministry of Education,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Chengdu 611130,ChinaAnimal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu,Sichuan 611130,China Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,China Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition,Ministry of Education,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Chengdu 611130,China
农业科技
ApoptosisAutophagyEndoplasmic reticulum stressGillsGlutathioneHypoxic stress
《Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology》 2026 (1)
P.546-565,20
financially supported by the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2024YFNH0016,2024NSFSC2072)the earmarked fund for CARS(CARS-45)the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China(32425056)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD2400600)Sichuan Innovation Team of National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(SCCXTD-2024-15)。
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