Male Breast Cancer:Epidemiology,Diagnosis,Molecular Mechanisms,Therapeutics,and Future ProspectiveOA
Male breast cancer(MBC)is rare,representing 0.5%–1%of all breast cancers,but its incidence is increasing due to improved diagnostics and awareness.MBC typically presents in older men,is human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)-negative and estrogen receptor(ER)-positive,and lacks routine screening,leading to delayed diagnosis and advanced disease.Major risk factors include hormonal imbalance,radiation exposure,obesity,alcohol use,and Breast Cancer Gene 1 and 2(BRCA1/2)mutations.Clinically,it may resemble gynecomastia but usually appears as a unilateral,painless mass or nipple discharge.Advances in imaging and liquid biopsy have enhanced early detection.Molecular mechanisms involve hormonal signaling,HER2/epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)pathways,tumor suppressor gene alterations,and epigenetic changes.While standard treatments mirror those for female breast cancer,emerging options such as cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6(CDK4/6),and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase(PARP)inhibitors,immunotherapy,and precision medicine are reshaping management.Incorporating artificial intelligence,molecular profiling,and male-specific clinical trials is essential to improve outcomes and bridge current diagnostic and therapeutic gaps.
Ashok Kumar Sah;Ranjay Kumar Choudhary;Velilyaeva Alie Sabrievna;Karomatov Inomdzhon Dzhuraevich;Anass M.Abbas;Manar G.Shalabi;Nadeem Ahmad Siddique;Raji Rubayyi Alshammari;Navjyot Trivedi;Rabab H.Elshaikh
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences,College of Applied&Health Sciences,A Sharqiyah University,Ibra,400,OmanDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences,College of Applied&Health Sciences,A Sharqiyah University,Ibra,400,Oman School of Allied Health Sciences,Sanskaram University,Jhajjar,124108,Haryana,IndiaDepartment of Psychiatry,Medical Psychology and Narcology,Samarkand State Medical University,Samarqand,140100,Republic of UzbekistanDepartment of Folk Medicine and Professional Diseases,Bukhara State Medical Institute,Bukhara,200118,Republic of UzbekistanDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences,College of Applied Medical Sciences,Jouf University,Sakaka,72388,Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences,College of Applied Medical Sciences,Jouf University,Sakaka,72388,Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,University of Hafar Al Batin,Hafar Al Batin,31991,Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacy Practice,University of Hafar Al Batin,Hafar Al Batin,31991,Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Physiotherapy,University Institute of Allied Health Sciences,Chandigarh University,Mohali,140413,Punjab,IndiaDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences,College of Applied&Health Sciences,A Sharqiyah University,Ibra,400,Oman
医药卫生
Male breast cancerepidemiologydiagnostic strategiesmolecular profilingtherapeutic advancesprecision oncologyprognostic biomarkersmultiomicspersonalized medicine
《Oncology Research》 2026 (1)
P.121-150,30
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